[ effect of foot serial casting along with botulinum toxin type-A injection on spasticity in children with cerebral palsy]

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of foot serial casting along with botulinum toxin type-A injection on spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. This study was a randomized clinical trial performed as a pre-post, double blind study. It was performed on 25 children with hemiplegia and diplegia [2-8 years] in Tehran city, who were referred to valiasr rehabilitation foundation. Participants were chosen by simple randomized sampling and were matched for age, Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] and type. They were randomly divided into two groups. The first group [n=13] underwent BTX-A injection alone and the second group [n=12] had BTX-A injection and foot serial casting after the injection. Clinical assessments were done using the GMFCS and Modified Ashworth Scale before and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the interventions. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank test and mann-whitney U. Comparison of two groups in regard to the right and left knee spasticity at, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after injection showed no significant difference in comparison to those before interventions. Furthermore, comparison of right and left ankle spasticity before injection with that at 1, and 3 months follow ups did not show statistically significant difference, but significant differences were found when compared with 6 and 12 month follow-ups [P<0.05] It seems, one of the proper approaches to reduce spasticity in children with cerebral palsy is foot serial casting along with botulinum toxin type-A injection and it can decrease the muscle tone when applied more than six months

impacts of hinged and solid afos on standing and walking functions in 4-8 year old children with spastic cerebral palsy

Standing and walking are the most common activities of people on a daily basis. In children with cerebral palsy [CP], lesion in central nervous system could cause impairment in these functions. One way to improve their standing and walking functions is the use of Ankle Foot Orthoses [AFOs]. This study was performed to compare the effects of hinged and solid AFOs on standing and walking functions in 4-8 year old children with CP spastic. This quasi-experimental and interventional study was performed on 30 children [4-8 years old] with CP spastic in vali-Asr rehabilitation foundation of Tehran. Children were divided into 3 groups [often children each group] randomly; groupe 1 received hinged AFO, groupe 2 solid AFO, and group 3 [control group] received no AFOs for 3 months. Standing and walking functions were evaluated by Gross Motor Function Measure-88. There were significant differences in standing and walking functions after intervention in the 3 groups [p=0.005]. There were also significant differences between the 3 groups in terms of mean differences of total scores before and after the intervention [p= 0.015]. There were significant differences between the two groups hinged AFO and solid AFO and between hinged AFO group and control group, [p= 0.000], but between the two groups, solid AFO and control, there was no differences. Hinged AFO showed more improvement in standing and walking functions among children with CP spastic, and could be recommended for children with CP, especially, for those who could stand up or walk with or without assistive devices

[ investigation of prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and discomfort caused by them in students of Tehran]

Musculoskeletal symptoms among school students are common. Aim of this study was the study of prevalence of discomfort and musculoskeletal symptoms in students of Tehran. 340 primary and secondary school students participated in this study. Subjects from five different districts of Tehran - a school from each region- were selected. Nordic questionnaire was used for review of musculoskeletal symptoms and discomfort. Also body map was used to show location of musculoskeletal symptoms and discomfort. Shoulders and neck musculoskeletal discomfort and pain respectively were reported about 18.46 and 13.42%. Musculoskeletal pain in back was 8.5%. Also complaints from musculoskeletal discomfort and pain in upper and lower extremities respectively were 5.5 and 2.9 percent. Musculoskeletal symptoms are clearly seen in school students. These symptoms in upper trunk especially in shoulders and also in the neck region are more evident. These symptoms and discomforts often are not caused by disease and illness. So, there is a need for further research in this area to investigate the causes of these symptoms

[Standardized of peabody developmental motor scale [PDMS] in first grade elementary school children in Tehran]

Motor development is considered as a part of the process of growth and development in which the child, firstly gains control over his own body function, and then utilizes it for interaction and manipulation with the environment. The aim of this study was to standardize of Peabody Developmental Motor Scale [PDMS] in normal children aged 72 to 83 months living in Tehran. This cross-sectional study was performed on 180 normal students [90 male, 90 female] and data was collected by PDMS. The results of this study demonstrated that the mean of Developmental Motor Queition Gross [DMQG] for male was 120.5 and for female was 120.40 and the Developmental Motor Queition Fine [DMQF] for male was 125.69 and for females was 126.66, respectively. There was not significant difference between male and female in DMQ and Mean Motor Age Equivalent [MMAE] [P<0.05]. There was significant difference between DMQF and AEFM [p<0.05] and also between mean Age Equivalent Fine Motor [AEFM] and MMAE [p<0.05] of children living in different parts of Tehran. There was also significant association between MMAE and DMQ [p<0.01]. PDMS can be used as a reliable and valid instrument for assessing any intervention and treatment of motor skills in children. Children with better motor skills have higher score of DMQ